Rethinking Commonsense Psychology - M. Ratcliffe (2007) WW.pdf

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Rethinking Commonsense
Psychology
A Critique of Folk Psychology, Theory of
Mind and Simulation
Matthew Ratcliffe
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© Matthew Ratcliffe 2007
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90
Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as
the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
First published 2007 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan ® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom
and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN-13: 978-0-230-00710-9 hardback
ISBN-10: 0-230-00710-4 hardback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ratcliffe, Matthew, 1973-
Rethinking commonsense psychology: a critique of folk psychology, theory of
mind, and simulation/Matthew Ratcliffe.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-230-00710-9
ISBN-10: 0-230-00710-4
1. Psychology–Philosophy. 2. Ethnopsychology. 3. Philosophy of mind. 4. Cognitive
science. I. Title.
BF38.R338 2007
150.1–dc22
2006049328
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne
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This book is dedicated to Huxley and Lilu, who don’t believe
very much at all and desire only food and sleep. They provided
me with much needed support whilst I was writing the book, by
sitting on my lap and purring.
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Contents
Preface
ix
1
Commonsense Psychology, Theory of Mind and Simulation
1
Belief-desire psychology
3
Theory or simulation?
8
Development and evolution
16
A place to start
20
2
Where is the Commonsense in Commonsense Psychology?
27
Natural born dualists?
29
Commonsense as taken-for-granted reality
36
The origins of ‘folk psychology’
42
What do the folk have to say?
46
Science and folk psychology
52
3
The World We Live in
58
The commonsense world
59
Heidegger’s world
62
Heidegger on other people
70
Gurwitsch on situations and roles
74
Encountering others
78
4
Letting the World Do the Work
85
Norms, roles and functions
86
Situations are reasons
96
The development of social ability
98
Social interaction as embodied, embedded cognition
107
Social situations and belief-desire psychology
118
5
Perceiving Actions
121
Experiencing others
123
Evidence from neuroscience
129
vii
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viii
Contents
The mirror system: applications and limitations
139
Emotion in expression and meaning in gesture
143
Explaining action without FP
149
6
The Second Person
152
Wherefore art Thou?
154
Sartre on intersubjectivity
158
Interaction
164
Conversational interaction
173
Simulation or simulated interaction?
180
Denying people
184
7
Beliefs and Desires
186
Everyday ‘belief’ and ‘desire’
187
‘Belief’ and ‘desire’ in FP
190
Experience and belief
197
Beliefs, desires and commitments
199
Beliefs as indeterminate dispositions
205
Narratives
211
Understanding reasoning
216
8
The Personal Stance
222
Evolution and development
224
The impersonal personal stance
230
Phenomenology, science and naturalism
234
Notes
245
References
255
Index
265
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