Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 3rd ed - K. Kummerer (Springer, 2008) WW.pdf - książki - Bio Med 19 - bibiariel

Klaus Kümmerer

(Editor)

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks

Klaus Kümmerer

(Editor)

Pharmaceuticals

in the Environment

Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks

Third edition

With 108 Figures and 62 Tables

Editor

Prof. Dr. Klaus Kümmerer

Department of Environmental Health Sciences

University Medical Center Freiburg

Breisacher Straße 115 B

79106 Freiburg, Germany

E-mail: klaus.kuemmerer@uniklinik-freiburg.de

ISBN: 978-3-540-74663-8 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-74664-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008926949

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material

is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting,

reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publica-

tion or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of Sep-

tember 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.

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protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Foreword

When the first green wave appeared in the mid and late 1960s, it was considered a fea-

sible task to solve pollution problems. The visible problems were mostly limited to point

sources, and a comprehensive “end of the pipe technology” (= environmental technology)

was available. It was even seriously discussed in the US that what was called “zero dis-

charge” could be attained by 1985.

It became clear in the early 1970s that zero discharge would be too expensive, and

that we should also rely on the self purification ability of ecosystems. That called for

the development of environmental and ecological models to assess the self purifica-

tion capacity of ecosystems and to set up emission standards, considering the rela-

tionship between impacts and effects in the ecosystems. This idea is illustrated in

Fig. 0.1. A model is used to relate an emission to its effect on the ecosystem and its

components. The relationship is applied to select a good solution to environmental

problems by application of environmental technology.

Meanwhile, it has been disclosed that what we could call the environmental crisis

is much more complex than we initially thought. We could, for instance, remove heavy

metals from wastewater, but where should we dispose the sludge containing the heavy

metals? Resource management pointed towards recycling to replace removal. Non-

point sources of toxic substances and nutrients, chiefly originating from agriculture,

emerged as new threatening environmental problems in the late 1970s. The focus on

global environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect and the decomposition

of the ozone layer added to the complexity. It was revealed that we use as much as about

100 000 chemicals, which may threaten the environment due to their more or less toxic

effects on plants, animals, humans and entire ecosystems. In most industrialised coun-

tries comprehensive environmental legislation was introduced to regulate the wide

spectrum of different pollution sources. Trillions of dollars have been invested in pol-

lution abatement on a global scale, but it seems that two or more new problems emerge

Fig. 0.1. The strategy applied in

environmental management in

the early 1970s is illustrated. An

ecological model is used to re-

late an emission to its effect on

the ecosystem and its compo-

nents. The relationship is ap-

plied to select a good solution

to environmental problems by

application of environmental

technology

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 3rd ed - K. Kummerer (Springer, 2008) WW.pdf

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