70811_19.pdf

CHAPTER 19

SHOCK AND VIBRATION

STANDARDS

David J. Evans

Henry C. Pusey

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is concerned with shock and vibration standards covering (1) terminol-

ogy; (2) use and calibration of transducers and instrumentation; (3) shock and vibra-

tion generators; (4) structures and structural systems; (5) vehicles including

land-based, airborne, and ocean-going; (6) machines and machinery including test-

ing, condition monitoring, diagnostics, prognostics, and balancing; (7) human expo-

sure to shock and vibration; and (8) testing. These topics may be covered by

international, regional, or national documents that are issued as either standards or

recommended practices. The dominant international consensus standards bodies

concerned with shock and vibration are the International Organization for Stan-

dardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The

U.S. members of ISO and IEC are the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) and the United States National Committee of the International Elec-

trotechnical Commission (USNC/IEC), respectively. The USNC/IEC is a committee

of ANSI. Examples of regional standards bodies are the European Committee for

Standardization (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Stan-

dardization (CENELEC). Within the U.S.A., ANSI standards are developed by

standards committees following the accredited standards procedures of ANSI.

These national committees also often furnish the expert members from the U.S.A. to

working groups within ISO and IEC. The national standards committees are typi-

cally sponsored by professional societies that have an interest in particular areas of

standardization work. Within the U.S.A., additional national consensus standards

bodies exist, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), that

develop standards by consensus of the members of their society.

19.1

19.2

CHAPTER NINETEEN

STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

AND COMMITTEES

ISO technical committee (TC) 108 (Mechanical Vibration and Shock) and its six

subcommittees (SCs) are predominantly responsible for any international standards

activity related to shock and vibration. TC 108 and its subcommittees maintain

numerous liaisons with other technical committees and subcommittees within ISO

and IEC, including ISO TC 20 (Aircraft and Space Vehicles), ISO TC 43 (Acoustics),

ISO TC 45 (Rubber and Rubber Products), ISO TC 159 (Ergonomics), IEC TC 2

(Rotating Machinery), IEC TC 5 (Steam Turbines), and IEC TC 87 (Ultrasonics).

The subcommittees of TC 108 also maintain liaisons with other organizations out-

side of ISO and IEC that are interested in their work. IEC TC 104 is responsible for

standards activities related to environmental testing, including testing using shock and

vibration. The primary counterpart to ISO TC 108 within the U.S.A. is ANSI-

accredited standards committee S2 (Mechanical Vibration and Shock), which holds

the U.S. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) for ISO TC 108 and all of its subcommittees

except TC 108/SC 4 on human exposure to shock and vibration. The U.S. counterpart

to ISO TC 108/SC 4 on human exposure to shock and vibration is ANSI-accredited

standards committee S3 (Bioacoustics), which holds the U.S. TAG for ISO TC 108/SC

4. The ANSI-accredited standards committees S2 and S3 and their U.S. TAGs are

administered by the Acoustical Society of America Committee on Standards

(ASACOS) and the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) Standards Secretariat. The

U.S. TAG for IEC TC 104 is administered and managed by the Electronic Industries

Alliance (EIA) Corporate Engineering Department. The activities of CEN TC 231 on

shock and vibration are reported to ISO TC 108. Much of the standardization work of

CEN TC 231 is related to the EU (European Union) Machinery Directive(s).

STANDARDS ACTIVITIES

The various international standards activities related to shock and vibration are

summarized in Table 19.1 and discussed in the following sections.

Terminology. Documents on standardized terminology of all aspects of TC 108

and its six subcommittees are coordinated under TC 108. This vocabulary is con-

tained in ISO document ISO 2041. ISO 2041 has been adopted by ANSI under the

Nationally Adopted International Standard (NAIS) ANSI S2.1.

Use and Calibration of Transducers and Instrumentation. The use and calibra-

tion of shock and vibration transducers and instrumentation, including standardized

calibration methods, measuring instrumentation for human response to vibration, and

vibration condition monitoring transducers and instrumentation, is assigned to ISO

TC 108/SC 3 (Use and Calibration of Vibration and Shock Measuring Instrumenta-

tion). TC 108/SC 3 maintains a liaison with the International Organization of Legal

Metrology (OIML). Numerous standards on calibration are contained in the ISO 5347

series of standards, as well as in the ISO 16063 series of standards. The ANSI standard

on methods of calibration of shock and vibration transducers is ANSI S2.2. The ISO

standard on measuring instrumentation for human response to vibration is ISO 8041.

The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA) administers a number

of standards committees, one of which is SP37 on specifications and tests for sensors

19.3

SHOCK AND VIBRATION STANDARDS

TABLE 19.1

Summary of International Standards Activities

Document

Responsible

Category

series

ISO TC/SC

documents

Vocabulary

ISO 2041

TC 108

ANSI S2.1

Mobility

ISO 7626

TC 108

ANSI S2.31–34

Isolators

ISO 2017

TC 108

ANSI S2.8

Balancing

ISO 1940

TC 108/SC 1

ANSI S2.19,

S2.42, and S2.43

Balancing machines

ISO 2953

TC 108/SC 1

ANSI S2.38

Machines/machinery

ISO 7919 and

TC 108/SC 2

ANSI S2.13,

10816

S2.40, and S2.41

Vehicles

ISO 8002

TC 108/SC 2

Ships

ISO 4867,

TC 108/SC 2

ANSI S2.16 and

4868, 6954,

S2.25;

and 10055

MIL-STD-167

Buildings

ISO 4866 and

TC 108/SC 2

ANSI S2.47

8569

Calibration

ISO 5347 and

TC 108/SC 3

ANSI S2.2

16063

Human response

ISO 8041

TC 108/SC 3

Human exposure

ISO 2631,

TC 108/SC 4

ANSI S3.18,

5349, 6897,

S3.29, and S3.34

8727, and 13090

Generating systems

ISO 5344,

TC 108/SC 6

ANSI S2.5,

6070, and 8626

S2.45, S2.48,

and S2.58

Shock machines

ISO 8568

TC 108

ANSI S2.3,

S2.14, and S2.15

and transducers used in measurement and control. SP37 has a number of subcommit-

tees that involve transducers used in shock and vibration measurements, e.g., strain

gages, accelerometers, servo-accelerometers, and force transducers. SP37.20 is a sepa-

rate subcommittee of SP37 devoted specifically to vibration transducers.

Shock and Vibration Generators. ISO TC 108/SC 6 (Vibration and Shock Gen-

erating Systems) has been assigned standards activities related to systems for the

generation of shock and vibration and their terminology. TC 108/SC 6 maintains a

liaison with IEC TC 104. IEC TC 104 (Environmental Conditions, Classification, and

Methods of Test) is concerned with standardized environmental testing, of which

shock and vibration are only two of several variables defining a test environment.

ANSI has a number of standards related to the specification of the performance of

shock- and vibration-testing machines, as well as standards covering the perform-

ance characteristics of these machines.

Structures and Structural Systems. ISO TC 108 (Mechanical Vibration and

Shock) and TC 108/SC 2 (Measurement and Evaluation of Mechanical Vibration

19.4

CHAPTER NINETEEN

and Shock as Applied to Machines, Vehicles, and Structures) both have items in their

program of work related to stationary structures or structural systems. Guidelines

on building vibration are contained in ISO 4866 and ANSI S2.47. Work on condition

monitoring and assessment of structures and structural systems is ongoing in TC 108.

Vehicles. This comprises a very broad area of standardization with a small, but

important, portion of it directly related to shock and vibration. ISO TC 108/SC 2

(Measurement and Evaluation of Mechanical Vibration and Shock as Applied to

Machines, Vehicles, and Structures) is involved with the vibration of ships, and ISO

4867, 4868, and 6954 specifically address the measurement and reporting of vibra-

tion onboard ships. Much of the U.S. participation in this work is contributed by

members of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME). ANSI

S2.16 covers the measurement and acceptance criteria for the vibratory noise of

shipboard equipment, and ANSI S2.25 covers the evaluation and reporting of hull

and superstructure vibration in ships. ISO TC 108/SC 2 is also involved with vibra-

tion of land-based vehicles, and ISO 8002, 8608, and 10326 are specifically related to

the evaluation and reporting of the vibration associated with either land-based vehi-

cles or road surface profiles. ISO TC 20 (Aircraft and Space Vehicles) is involved

with standards related to aerospace vehicles in general, and a number of ISO tech-

nical committees exist that generally cover specific types of land-based vehicles, e.g.,

construction, agricultural, and off-road vehicles. The U.S. TAG for ISO TC 20 and the

U.S. TAGs for many of the ISO technical committees on land-based vehicles in gen-

eral are administered by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The CEN doc-

ument CEN EN 1032 on testing mobile machinery has been published, and work is

ongoing within CEN TC 231 with respect to testing mobile machinery to determine

whole-body vibration and vibration emission values. CEN TC 231 maintains liaisons

with CEN TC 144 and CEN TC 151 on tractors and agricultural machines, and con-

struction equipment, respectively.

Machines and Machinery . Standardization related to the shock and vibration of

machines and machinery including balancing, condition monitoring, diagnostics,

prognostics, and testing is within the program of work of ISO TC 108/SC 1 (Balanc-

ing, Including Balancing Machines), ISO TC 108/SC 2 (Measurement and Evalua-

tion of Mechanical Vibration and Shock as Applied to Machines, Vehicles, and

Structures), and ISO TC 108/SC 5 (Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of

Machines). Numerous ISO and ANSI standards exist on balancing, balancing

machines, balancing terminology, balance quality, and the measurement and evalua-

tion of mechanical vibration related to various classes of rotating and reciprocating

machinery. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), American

Petroleum Institute (API), Compressed Air and Gas Institute, and Hydraulic Insti-

tute publish standards on motors, generators, turbines, pumps, and compressors that

may contain parts that are related to shock and vibration of these machines. ISO TC

108/SC 1 maintains liaisons with ISO TC 14 (Shafts for Machinery and Accessories)

and ISO TC 39 (Machine Tools). TC 108/SC 2 maintains liaisons with more than a

dozen different ISO and IEC technical committees and subcommittees including

IEC TC 104. TC 108/SC 5 maintains a liaison with IEC TC 2 (Rotating Machinery).

ISO TC 118/SC 3 (Pneumatic Tools and Machines) maintains liaisons with ISO TC

108/SC 2 and TC 108/SC 4. CEN TC 231 has a number of published standards related

to the vibration of hand-held power tools, as well as guidance on safety standards

related to vibration. An additional program of work within CEN TC 231 pertains to

the vibration of a variety of hand-held power tools, e.g., grinders, drills and rotary

hammers, chipping and riveting hammers, and hammers for construction.

19.5

SHOCK AND VIBRATION STANDARDS

Human Exposure to Shock and Vibration. The program of work on human

exposure to shock and vibration is assigned to ISO TC 108/SC 4 (Human Exposure

to Mechanical Vibration and Shock). ISO TC 108/SC 4 maintains liaisons with about

a dozen ISO technical committees and subcommittees including ISO TC 43

(Acoustics), as well as with other organizations such as the European Committee of

Associations of Manufacturers of Agricultural Machinery (CEMA), the Interna-

tional Maritime Organization (IMO), and the International Union of Railways

(UIC). There are a number of ISO and ANSI standards on exposure to whole-body

and hand-arm vibration including standards covering occupants of fixed-structures,

single shocks, guidance on safety aspects of tests and experiments, transmissibility of

gloves and resilient materials, and terminology. (See Chap. 42.)

Testing. Numerous standards and handbooks that cover shock and vibration test-

ing have been issued by ISO and IEC, as well as agencies of the U.S. government, in

particular the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the

Department of Defense (DoD). Although NASA and DoD standards and hand-

books are concerned primarily with aerospace vehicles and military hardware, many

are sufficiently general to have broad applications to commercial structures, vehi-

cles, and equipment.

International Standards. While IEC TC 104 (Environmental Conditions, Clas-

sification, and Methods of Test) has work programs devoted to a number of envi-

ronmental variables such as temperature and relative humidity, a portion of the

work is directed toward testing using shock and vibration. Specifically, a number of

documents in the IEC 60068-2 series of documents cover sinusoidal vibration,

broadband random vibration, shock, drop and topple, free fall, and bump testing.

ASTM publishes standards that address using shock and vibration to test unpack-

aged manufactured products, packaging systems, shipping containers, and materials.

ISO 8568 addresses shock testing machines. ISO TC 108 has a work item on the

analysis of the mechanical properties of visco-elastic materials using vibration, and

there are a number of ANSI-approved standards published on measuring the

mechanical properties of visco-elastic materials using vibration.

NASA Standards and Handbooks. NASA has issued three standards (STD)

and two handbooks (HDBK) related to shock and vibration testing that are

approved for NASA-wide application to launch vehicles and payloads. Descriptions

of the scopes of these publications follow. All of these publications are available via

the World Wide Web (www) at standards.nasa.gov.

The term vibroacoustics is defined as an environment induced by high-intensity

acoustic noise associated with various segments of the flight profile (see Chap. 29,

Part III of this Handbook). It manifests itself throughout the launch vehicle and pay-

load structure in the form of transmitted acoustic excitation and as structure-borne

random vibration. The NASA standard NASA-STD-7001, “Payload Vibroacoustic

Test Criteria,” specifically addresses the acoustic and random vibration environ-

ments and test levels associated with vibroacoustics.

Selected environmental exposure tests are contained in NASA-STD-7002, “Pay-

load Test Requirements.” This standard includes tests that are generally regarded as

the most critical and the ones having the highest cost and schedule impact. The stan-

dard also includes functional demonstration tests necessary to verify the capability

of the hardware to perform its intended function, with and without environmental

exposure. Test levels, factors, margins, durations, and other parameters are specified

where appropriate. In some cases, these specifications are expressed statistically or

are described by reference to other NASA standards.

NASA-STD-7003, “Pyroshock Test Criteria,” provides a consistent methodology

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