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DID MUHAMMAD EXIST?
An Inquiry into Islam's Obscure Origins
ROBERT SPENCER
Wilmington, Delaware
Copyright © 2012 by Robert Spencer
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in
writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a
magazine, newspaper, or broadcast.
The images on pages 43 and 46 are © Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC, and are reprinted with permission
from Dumbarton Oaks. The images on page 44 originally appeared in Karl-Heinz Ohlig and Gerd-R. Puin, eds., Die
dunklen Anfänge
(Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2005), and are reprinted with permission from Verlag Hans Schiler and Volker Popp.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Spencer, Robert, 1962–
Did Muhammad exist? : an inquiry into Islam's obscure origins / by Robert Spencer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 239) and index.
e-ISBN 978-1-61017-062-8
1. Muhammad, Prophet, d. 632. 2. Islam—Controversial literature. 3. Koran—Controversial literature. 4. Koran—Criticism,
interpretation, etc. I. Title.
BT1170.S645 2012
297.6'3—dc23
2011052576
Published in the United States by:
ISI Books
Intercollegiate Studies Institute
3901 Centerville Road
Wilmington, Delaware 19807-1938
www.isibooks.org
Manufactured in the United States of America
Dedicated to all those who do not fear to go wherever the truth may lead them
Note:
No system of transliteration for Arabic words and names is entirely satisfactory. English
simply is not equipped to render the subtleties of the Arabic alphabet. I have systematized the spelling
in the quotations for the ease of the reader and have generally eliminated the apostrophes that stand in
English texts for various elements of the Arabic alphabet, except where words are in common use,
such as Qur'an, and where the result of the removal of such marks is unfortunate in English, such as
Sad rather than Sa'd.

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