Database Management Systems - by Raghu Ramakrishnan -2nd Edition(1).pdf

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CONTENTS
PREFACE
Part I
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
xxii
1
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
20
21
BASICS
Overview
A Historical Perspective
File Systems versus a DBMS
Advantages of a DBMS
Describing and Storing Data in a DBMS
1.5.1 The Relational Model
1.5.2 Levels of Abstraction in a DBMS
1.5.3 Data Independence
Queries in a DBMS
Transaction Management
1.7.1 Concurrent Execution of Transactions
1.7.2 Incomplete Transactions and System Crashes
1.7.3 Points to Note
Structure of a DBMS
People Who Deal with Databases
Points to Review
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE SYSTEMS
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
2
THE ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Overview of Database Design
2.1.1 Beyond the ER Model
Entities, Attributes, and Entity Sets
Relationships and Relationship Sets
Additional Features of the ER Model
2.4.1 Key Constraints
2.4.2 Participation Constraints
2.4.3 Weak Entities
2.4.4 Class Hierarchies
2.4.5 Aggregation
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vii
viii
2.5
Database Management Systems
Conceptual Database Design With the ER Model
2.5.1 Entity versus Attribute
2.5.2 Entity versus Relationship
2.5.3 Binary versus Ternary Relationships *
2.5.4 Aggregation versus Ternary Relationships *
Conceptual Design for Large Enterprises *
Points to Review
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45
2.6
2.7
3
THE RELATIONAL MODEL
3.1
3.2
Introduction to the Relational Model
3.1.1 Creating and Modifying Relations Using SQL-92
Integrity Constraints over Relations
3.2.1 Key Constraints
3.2.2 Foreign Key Constraints
3.2.3 General Constraints
Enforcing Integrity Constraints
Querying Relational Data
Logical Database Design: ER to Relational
3.5.1 Entity Sets to Tables
3.5.2 Relationship Sets (without Constraints) to Tables
3.5.3 Translating Relationship Sets with Key Constraints
3.5.4 Translating Relationship Sets with Participation Constraints
3.5.5 Translating Weak Entity Sets
3.5.6 Translating Class Hierarchies
3.5.7 Translating ER Diagrams with Aggregation
3.5.8 ER to Relational: Additional Examples *
Introduction to Views
3.6.1 Views, Data Independence, Security
3.6.2 Updates on Views
Destroying/Altering Tables and Views
Points to Review
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3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Part II
4
4.1
4.2
RELATIONAL QUERIES
Preliminaries
Relational Algebra
4.2.1 Selection and Projection
4.2.2 Set Operations
4.2.3 Renaming
4.2.4 Joins
4.2.5 Division
4.2.6 More Examples of Relational Algebra Queries
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100
RELATIONAL ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS
Contents
4.3
Relational Calculus
4.3.1 Tuple Relational Calculus
4.3.2 Domain Relational Calculus
Expressive Power of Algebra and Calculus *
Points to Review
ix
106
107
111
114
115
4.4
4.5
5
SQL: QUERIES, PROGRAMMING, TRIGGERS
5.1
5.2
About the Examples
The Form of a Basic SQL Query
5.2.1 Examples of Basic SQL Queries
5.2.2 Expressions and Strings in the SELECT Command
UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT
Nested Queries
5.4.1 Introduction to Nested Queries
5.4.2 Correlated Nested Queries
5.4.3 Set-Comparison Operators
5.4.4 More Examples of Nested Queries
Aggregate Operators
5.5.1 The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
5.5.2 More Examples of Aggregate Queries
Null Values *
5.6.1 Comparisons Using Null Values
5.6.2 Logical Connectives AND, OR, and NOT
5.6.3 Impact on SQL Constructs
5.6.4 Outer Joins
5.6.5 Disallowing Null Values
Embedded SQL *
5.7.1 Declaring Variables and Exceptions
5.7.2 Embedding SQL Statements
Cursors *
5.8.1 Basic Cursor Definition and Usage
5.8.2 Properties of Cursors
Dynamic SQL *
ODBC and JDBC *
5.10.1 Architecture
5.10.2 An Example Using JDBC
Complex Integrity Constraints in SQL-92 *
5.11.1 Constraints over a Single Table
5.11.2 Domain Constraints
5.11.3 Assertions: ICs over Several Tables
Triggers and Active Databases
5.12.1 Examples of Triggers in SQL
Designing Active Databases
5.13.1 Why Triggers Can Be Hard to Understand
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5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
x
Database Management Systems
5.13.2 Constraints versus Triggers
5.13.3 Other Uses of Triggers
Points to Review
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168
5.14
6
QUERY-BY-EXAMPLE (QBE)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
Introduction
Basic QBE Queries
6.2.1 Other Features: Duplicates, Ordering Answers
Queries over Multiple Relations
Negation in the Relation-Name Column
Aggregates
The Conditions Box
6.6.1 And/Or Queries
Unnamed Columns
Updates
6.8.1 Restrictions on Update Commands
Division and Relational Completeness *
Points to Review
177
177
178
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180
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181
183
184
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189
Part III
7
7.1
DATA STORAGE AND INDEXING
The Memory Hierarchy
7.1.1 Magnetic Disks
7.1.2 Performance Implications of Disk Structure
RAID
7.2.1 Data Striping
7.2.2 Redundancy
7.2.3 Levels of Redundancy
7.2.4 Choice of RAID Levels
Disk Space Management
7.3.1 Keeping Track of Free Blocks
7.3.2 Using OS File Systems to Manage Disk Space
Buffer Manager
7.4.1 Buffer Replacement Policies
7.4.2 Buffer Management in DBMS versus OS
Files and Indexes
7.5.1 Heap Files
7.5.2 Introduction to Indexes
Page Formats *
7.6.1 Fixed-Length Records
7.6.2 Variable-Length Records
Record Formats *
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STORING DATA: DISKS AND FILES
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

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