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ELECTRIC
and
HYBRID
VEHICLES
Design Fundamentals
ELECTRIC
and
HYBRID
VEHICLES
Design Fundamentals
Iqbal Husain
CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection
of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Husain, Iqbal, 1964-
Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals/by Iqbal Husain.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1466-6 (alk. paper)
1. Electric vehicles. 2. Hybrid electric vehicles. I. Title.
TL220 .H87 2003
629.22′93–dc21 2002041120
CIP
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of
references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or
by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from
the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for
promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in
writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida
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Trademark Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government works
ISBN 0-203-00939-8 Master e-book ISBN
International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1466-6 (Print Edition)
Preface
The book presents a comprehensive systems-level perspective of electric and
hybrid electric vehicles, with emphasis on technical details, mathematical
relationships, and basic design guidelines. The electric vehicle is an excellent
example of an electro-mechanical and electrochemical system that is technically
challenging as well as highly intriguing to engineering students. With a good
balance between technical details, design equations, numerical examples, and
case studies, the subject matter presents an ideal platform for educating today’s
engineers with a systems-level perspective—a concept that served as the primary
motivation to develop this textbook on electric and hybrid vehicles.
Automobiles are an integral part of our everyday lives. Yet, conventional auto-
mobiles are the major cause of urban pollution in the 21st century. The world
will eventually encounter an acute energy crisis if we do not focus on alternative
energy sources and transportation modes. Current environmental concerns are
driving the international community toward developing low-emission (hybrid
electric) and zero-emission (electric) vehicles to replace conventional internal
combustion engine vehicles. The subject of electric and hybrid vehicles is
becoming increasingly important, with intense drive from the government,
environmental activists, and associated industries to advance the technology.
Several auto industries have already started marketing electric and hybrid electric
vehicles. Furthermore, the next generation of conventional automobiles will
experience a gradual replacement of the hydraulically driven actuators by
electrically driven actuators. The trend clearly suggests that there is a need to
adequately educate the engineers of today and tomorrow with the technical
details of electric and hybrid vehicles and the electrical units used within an
automobile. While there are ample books on electric and hybrid vehicles
available, providing narrative descriptions of the components of vehicles, and
numerous technical papers published with research results, none covers the
technical aspects and mathematical relationships in a comprehensive way to
educate a junior-or senior-level or a beginning graduate-level engineering
student.
This book will serve to educate students on aspects of electric vehicles, which
will generate interest to support the development and use of electric vehicles.
The book will also serve as a reference for a working engineer dealing with

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