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MINDFULNESS IN EARLY BUDDHISM

This book identiﬁes what is meant by

sati

(smUti), usually translated as “mind-

fulness,” in early Buddhism, and examines its soteriological functions and

its central role in the early Buddhist practice and philosophy. Using textual

analysis and criticism, it takes new approaches to the subject through a com-

parative study of Buddhist texts in Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit. It also fur-

nishes new perspectives on the ancient teaching by applying the ﬁndings in

modern psychology. In contemporary Buddhism, the practice of mindfulness

is zealously advocated by the Theravada tradition, which is the only early

Buddhist school that still exists today. Through detailed analysis of

Theravada’s Pali Canon and the four Chinese

Fgamas—which

correspond

to the four main

NikAyas

in Pali and belong to some early schools that no

longer exist—this book shows that mindfulness is not only limited to the role

as a method of insight (vipassanA) meditation, as presented by many

Theravada advocates, but it also has a key role in serenity (samatha) medi-

tation. It elucidates how mindfulness functions in the path to liberation from

a psychological perspective, that is, how it helps to achieve an optimal cog-

nitive capability and emotional state, and thereby enables one to attain the

ultimate religious goal. Furthermore, the author argues that the well-known

formula of

ekAyano maggo,

which is often interpreted as “the only way,” implies

that the four

satipaWWhAnas

(establishments of mindfulness) constitute a com-

prehensive path to liberation, and refer to the same as

kAyagatA sati,

which

has long been understood as “mindfulness of the body” by the tradition. The

study shows that

kAyagatA sati

and the four

satipaWWhAnas

are two different

ways of formulating the teaching on mindfulness according to different

schemes of classiﬁcation of phenomena.

Tse-fu Kuan

is an assistant professor at the General Education Centre,

National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He is interested in Indian

Buddhism and is the author of

An Introduction to

Mamatha

and VipaNyanA

of the MahAyAna

(co-authored with Ven. Dr Huimin Bhikkhu, Taipei:

Dharma Drum Culture, 1997) and several articles in leading journals

including the

Journal of Indian Philosophy.

ROUTLEDGE CRITICAL STUDIES

IN BUDDHISM

Founding Editors:

Charles S. Prebish and Damien Keown

Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism

is a comprehensive study of the Buddhist tradition. The

series explores this complex and extensive tradition from a variety of perspectives, using a range

of different methodologies.

The Series is diverse in its focus, including historical studies, textual translations and com-

mentaries, sociological investigations, bibliographic studies, and considerations of religious prac-

tice as an expression of Buddhism integral religiosity. It also presents materials on modern

intellectual historical studies, including the role of Buddhist thought and scholarship in a con-

temporary, critical context and in the light of current social issues. The series is expansive and

imaginative in scope, spanning more than two and a half millennia of Buddhist history. It is

receptive to all research works that inform and advance our knowledge and understanding of

the Buddhist tradition.

A SURVEY OF VINAYA LITERATURE

Charles S. Prebish

THE REFLEXIVE NATURE OF

AWARENESS

Paul Williams

ALTRUISM AND REALITY

Paul Williams

BUDDHISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Edited by Damien Keown, Charles Prebish

and Wayne Husted

WOMEN IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF

THE BUDDHA

Kathryn R. Blackstone

THE RESONANCE OF EMPTINESS

Gay Watson

AMERICAN BUDDHISM

Edited by Duncan Ryuken Williams

and Christopher Queen

IMAGING WISDOM

Jacob N. Kinnard

PAIN AND ITS ENDING

Carol S. Anderson

EMPTINESS APPRAISED

David F. Burton

THE SOUND OF LIBERATING TRUTH

Edited by Sallie B. King and Paul O. Ingram

BUDDHIST THEOLOGY

Edited by Roger R. Jackson and

John J. Makransky

THE GLORIOUS DEEDS OF PURNA

Joel Tatelman

EARLY BUDDHISM – A NEW

APPROACH

Sue Hamilton

CONTEMPORARY BUDDHIST ETHICS

Edited by Damien Keown

INNOVATIVE BUDDHIST WOMEN

Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo

TEACHING BUDDHISM IN THE WEST

Edited by V. S. Hori, R. P. Hayes

and J. M. Shields

EMPTY VISION

David L. McMahan

SELF, REALITY AND REASON IN

TIBETAN PHILOSOPHY

Thupten Jinpa

IN DEFENSE OF DHARMA

Tessa J. Bartholomeusz

BUDDHIST PHENOMENOLOGY

Dan Lusthaus

RELIGIOUS MOTIVATION AND

THE ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM

Torkel Brekke

DEVELOPMENTS IN AUSTRALIAN

BUDDHISM

Michelle Spuler

ZEN WAR STORIES

Brian Victoria

THE BUDDHIST UNCONSCIOUS

William S. Waldron

INDIAN BUDDHIST THEORIES

OF PERSONS

James Duerlinger

ACTION DHARMA

Edited by Christopher Queen,

Charles Prebish and Damien Keown

TIBETAN AND ZEN BUDDHISM

IN BRITAIN

David N. Kay

THE CONCEPT OF THE BUDDHA

Guang Xing

THE PHILOSOPHY OF DESIRE IN

THE BUDDHIST PALI CANON

David Webster

THE NOTION OF

DITTHI

THERAVADA BUDDHISM

Paul Fuller

THE BUDDHIST THEORY OF

SELF-COGNITION

Zhihua Yao

MORAL THEORY IN

mfNTIDEVA’S

mIKofSAMUCCAYA

Barbra R. Clayton

BUDDHIST STUDIES FROM INDIA

TO AMERICA

Edited by Damien Keown

DISCOURSE AND IDEOLOGY IN

MEDIEVAL JAPANESE BUDDHISM

Edited by Richard K. Payne and

Taigen Dan Leighton

BUDDHIST THOUGHT AND APPLIED

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Edited by D. K. Nauriyal,

Michael S. Drummond and Y. B. Lal

BUDDHISM IN CANADA

Edited by Bruce Matthews

BUDDHISM, CONFLICT AND

VIOLENCE IN MODERN SRI LANKA

Edited by Mahinda Deegalle

THERAVfDA BUDDHISM AND

THE BRITISH ENCOUNTER

Religious, missionary and colonial

experience in nineteenth century Sri Lanka

Elizabeth Harris

BEYOND ENLIGHTENMENT

Buddhism, religion, modernity

Richard Cohen

BUDDHISM IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE

Reorienting global interdependence

Peter D. Hershock

BRITISH BUDDHISM

Teachings, practice and development

Robert Bluck

BUDDHIST NUNS IN TAIWAN

AND SRI LANKA

A critique of the feminist perspective

Wei-Yi Cheng

NEW BUDDHIST MOVEMENTS

IN THAILAND

Toward an understanding of Wat Phra

Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke

Rory Mackenzie

BUDDHIST RITUALS OF DEATH

AND REBIRTH

Contemporary Sri Lankan practice and

its origins

Rita Langer

BUDDHISM, POWER AND

POLITICAL ORDER

Edited by Ian Harris

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

IN BUDDHISM

A virtues approach

Pragati Sahni

THE CULTURAL PRACTICES OF

MODERN CHINESE BUDDHISM

Attuning the Dharma

Francesca Tarocco

MINDFULNESS IN EARLY BUDDHISM

New approaches through psychology and

textual analysis of Pali, Chinese and

Sanskrit sources

Tse-fu Kuan

The following titles are published in association with the

Oxford Centre for

Buddhist Studies

Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies

a project of

The Society for the Wider Understanding of the Buddhist Tradition

The

Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies

conducts and promotes rigorous

teaching and research into all forms of the Buddhist tradition.

EARLY BUDDHIST METAPHYSICS

Noa Ronkin

MIPHAM DIALECTICS AND THE DEBATES ON EMPTINESS

Karma Phuntsho

HOW BUDDHISM BEGAN

The conditioned genesis of the early teachings

Richard F. Gombrich

BUDDHIST MEDITATION

An anthology of texts from the Pali Canon

Sarah Shaw

REMAKING BUDDHISM FOR MEDIEVAL NEPAL

The fifteenth-century reformation of Newar Buddhism

Will Tuladhar-Douglas

METAPHOR AND LITERALISM IN BUDDHISM

The doctrinal history of nirvana

Soonil Hwang

THE BIOGRAPHIES OF RECHUNGPA

The evolution of a Tibetan hagiography

Peter Alan Roberts

THE ORIGIN OF BUDDHIST MEDITATION

Alexander Wynne

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