2013 Metcal SmartHeat Technology Tutorial.pdf
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Smartheat Technology
A Tutorial By Ed Zamborsky
Through the evolution of our product lines there have been some inconsistencies regarding
the Smartheat story. These newer, different, confusing (and sometimes made up versions)
can confuse our customers and cause us to look less credible when customers hear two
stories during the same sales call.
It is the intention of this tutorial is to help us all get back on to a more consistent message to
properly educate our customers and provide a better Smartheat experience.
How Smartheat Technology Works:
Smartheat heaters consist of two basic elements; a high frequency alternating current (AC)
power supply and a heating element. The biggest difference between a conventional
soldering system which consists of a ceramic or wire wound heating element, separate
sensor and temperature control circuitry, and a Metcal heater is that the Metcal heating
element itself is capable of seeking and then maintaining a predetermined temperature
range. In other words “the heater is the sensor.”
The Metcal heater depends upon the electrical and metallurgical characteristics of two
different metals; copper is a material with high electrical conductivity and the other is a
magnetic material with high resistivity.
When the Metcal heating element is energized by the high frequency alternating current
(AC) power source, the current will automatically begin to flow thru the conductive copper
core of the heater. However, as the AC current continues to flow, a very useful physical
phenomenon occurs, the current flow is directed to the skin of the heater assembly. This is
of course known as the “Skin Effect”, it drives the majority of the current thru the high
resistance magnetic layer, causing rapid heating.
As the outer layer reaches a certain temperature (which is controlled by its heater alloy
formula) it loses its magnetic properties. As most of you know this “certain temperature” is
the Curie point. The Curie point temperature is when the “skin effect” begins to decrease
again permitting the current back into the conductive core of the heater starting the whole
cycle over again.
The selection of a material with a fixed Currie point results in a heater that will produce and
maintain a specific, self‐regulated temperature; and a heater that requires no calibration
and responds directly to thermal loads. When a thermal load is applied to the tip, the
heater temperature drops and the power supply responds with the power required to
correctly solder the joint on the board.
That’s great, is there a simpler way to explain this to my customers?
Just imagine that you are on the ice fishing trip of a lifetime. It is a perfect January day in the
northern reaches of Minnesota, the air is a crisp 35 below and the fish are biting. After a
long day on the ice, you retire to your fishing shack with its inviting pot belly stove. You
snuggle into your bunk for what should be a long night’s sleep, but to your surprise, every 15
minutes you wake up with either a sweaty back or a frozen face. That’s right; half of your
body is cooking on the stove side while the other half is freezing against the cold wall. You
look across the cabin at your fishing buddy and he is sound asleep, seemingly immune to the
hot / cold cycles on your side of the cabin. So after staring at him for another hour, you
notice his sleeping bag is changing colors from light to dark. You can’t help yourself and you
wake him up.
“How can you be so comfortable in this cabin? You scream. He rubs the sleep from his eyes
and explains. “I work for a textile company and I’m testing out a new sleeping bag material.”
You push him for more details, “how does it work?” Well he says, “It senses my body
temperature and automatically adjusts its heat and cold absorption to keep my body
comfortable.” “But what about the hot stove, you ask? And the changing colors? ” The
material is designed to maintain my body temperature, so it absorbs the heat from the stove
and circulates it around my body, when it senses a cold spot from the wall it directs more
heat energy to maintain my comfort level, once it reaches body temperature it turns white
and stops absorbing and waits for a temperature change, goes dark and then it starts the
whole cycle again.
This analogy is close to how Smartheat works. The “material” is made of a metal alloy which
has the ability to absorb energy from an electric field and turn it into heat. When the alloy
reaches a certain temperature, it stops absorbing energy, and using the fishing analogy, it
turns white and its temperature stops rising. When a solder joint draws heat from the
heater, the alloy reacts immediately by becoming “dark” again to take on more energy and
reheat.
Some People really like the automotive analogy.
We all know that Smartheat responds to changes in the thermal loads of a solder joint and
responds with the correct amount of power to complete the operation, the same way your
car’s cruise control maintains the set speed over a long drive. Here the vehicle controls are
similar to the Smartheat system; your cruise control is your fixed temperature cartridge and
your tachometer is similar to a net power meter.
On level ground, you set the cruise to 70 mph, as your car encounters hills and valleys the
cruise control works to vary the output power of the engine to maintain that 70 mph that
you set. How can you verify the engine’s changing output? It is very simple, look at your
tachometer. As your route takes you up a hill the cruise control tells the engine to increase
power (revs) to meet the 70 mph that you preset. At the top of the hill you are still going 70,
as you start down, the cruise control tells the engine to reduce the power (revs) so that you
are not exceeding your preset and it saves you gas and hopefully from a speeding ticket.
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