9.Meteorology.pdf

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Introduction
METEOROLOGY
© Oxford Aviation Academy (UK) Limited 2008
All Rights Reserved
This text book is to be used only for the purpose of private study by individuals and may not be reproduced
in any form or medium, copied, stored in a retrieval system, lent, hired, rented, transmited or adapted in
whole or in part without the prior writen consent of Oxford Aviation Academy.
Copyright in all documents and materials bound within these covers or atached hereto, excluding that material
which is reproduced by the kind permission of third parties and acknowledged as such, belongs exclusively to
Oxford Aviation Academy.
Certain copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the International Civil Aviation Organisation,
the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
This text book has been writen and published as a reference work to assist students enrolled on an approved
EASA Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) course to prepare themselves for the EASA ATPL theoretical
knowledge examinations. Nothing in the content of this book is to be interpreted as constituting instruction
or advice relating to practical lying.
Whilst every efort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within this book, neither
Oxford Aviation Academy nor the distributor gives any warranty as to its accuracy or otherwise. Students
preparing for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations should not regard this book as a substitute
for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge training syllabus published in the current edition of ‘CS-FCL 1
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)’ (the Syllabus). The Syllabus constitutes the sole authoritative deinition
of the subject mater to be studied in an EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge training programme. No student
should prepare for, or is currently entitled to enter himself/herself for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge
examinations without irst being enrolled in a training school which has been granted approval by an EASA
authorised national aviation authority to deliver EASA ATPL training.
Oxford Aviation Academy excludes all liability for any loss or damage incurred or sufered as a result of any
reliance on all or part of this book except for any liability for death or personal injury resulting from Oxford
Aviation Academy’s negligence or any other liability which may not legally be excluded.
Cover Photograph: Boeing 767 - 300 over London Gatwick (EGKK)
Photographed by Steve Morris, for www.airteamimages.com
This edition distributed by Transair (UK) Ltd, Shoreham, England: 2008
Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co. Pte Ltd
ii
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METEOROLOGY
Introduction
Textbook Series
Book
Title
EASA Ref. No. Subject
1
010 Air Law
010
2
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 1
021 01
Airframes & Systems
021 01 01-04
Fuselage, Wings & Stabilising Surfaces
021 01 05
Landing Gear
021 01 06
Flight Controls
021 01 07
Hydraulics
021 01 08-09
Air Systems & Air Conditioning
021 01 10
Anti-icing & De-icing
021 01 11
Fuel Systems
021 04 00
Emergency Equipment
3
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 2
021 02
Electrics – Electronics
021 02 01
Direct Current
021 02 02
Alternating Current
021 02 05
Basic Radio Propagation.
4
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 3
021 00
Powerplant
021 03 01
Piston Engines
021 03 02
Gas Turbines
5
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 4
022
Instrumentation
022 01
Flight Instruments
022 03
Warning & Recording
022 02
Automatic Flight Control
022 04
Power Plant & System Monitoring Instruments
6
030 Flight Performance & Planning 1
031
Mass & Balance
032
Performance
7
030 Flight Performance & Planning 2
033
Flight Planning & Monitoring
8
040 Human Performance & Limitations
040
9
050 Meteorology
050
10
060 Navigation 1
061
General Navigation
11
060 Navigation 2
062
Radio Navigation
12
070 Operational Procedures
070
13
080 Principles of Flight
080
14
090 Communications
091
VFR Communications
092
IFR Communications
iii
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Introduction
METEOROLOGY
iv
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METEOROLOGY
Introduction
Book Contents
THE ATMOSPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
DENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
PRESSURE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
ALTIMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
HUMIDITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
ADIABATICS AND STABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
TURBULENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
WINDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
UPPER WINDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
CLOUDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
CLOUD FORMATION and PRECIPITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
THUNDERSTORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
VISIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
ICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
AIR MASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
OTHER DEPRESSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
LOCAL WINDS and WEATHER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
AREA CLIMATOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
ROUTE CLIMATOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
METEOROLOGICAL AERODROME REPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
TERMINAL AERODROME FORECASTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT. . . . . . . . . . . 505
AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
WORLD AREA FORCAST SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
REVISION QUESTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
v
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