WEF_GAC_Migration_BusinessCase_Report_2013.pdf
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The Network of Global Agenda Councils
The Business Case
for Migration
© World Economic Forum
2013 - All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying and recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system.
The views expressed are those of certain participants in
the discussion and do not necessarily relect the views
of all participants or of the World Economic Forum.
REF 140913
Contents
Preface
4
Introduction
Globalization has made the free low of goods and ideas an
integral part of modern life. The world has beneited greatly
from the accelerated exchange of products, services, news,
music, research and much more. Human mobility, on the
other hand, remains the uninished business of globalization.
Migration policy and cooperation frameworks struggle to
address the push-pull forces of migration and the cascading
effects that migration has on communities of origin and
destination.
8
Chapter 1: Migrants and the
Worldwide Competition for Talent
14
Chapter 2: Migration and
Competitiveness
22
Chapter 3: Migration Generates
Business Opportunities
In October 2013, the United Nations will host the II High-
Level Dialogue on Migration and Development. The
meeting comes at an important time for migration policy.
It is an occasion to take stock of the evolution of migration
patterns, to re-examine existing conceptual frameworks and
to renew cooperation. The High-Level Dialogue is also an
opportunity to debate new ideas which can shape future
migration policies.
Martina Gmür
Head of the
Network of Global
Agenda Councils
28
Chapter 4: Demographics,
Migration and Business
32
Chapter 5: Engaging Diasporas in
Economic Development
36
Chapter 6: Cities, Migrants and
Integration
The Network of Global Agenda Councils was created to
foster insights and collaboration around the major issues of
our time. Each of the 86 Councils is driven by top experts
and thought leaders from around the world who are not only
recognized for their unique intellectual contributions, but are
also committed to pioneering new models of cooperation
and solutions.
40
Conclusion
42
Appendix
43
Bibliography
Isabel de Sola
Associate
Director,
Publication Editor
To that end, the Global Agenda Council on Migration began
a project in 2011 to promote knowledge on how businesses
interact with migrants, believing that this perspective was
missing from contemporary debates and cooperation
initiatives. The Council expanded its discussion to experts
from other issue areas including talent mobility, ageing,
cities, media and entertainment, telecommunications,
education and more. The Council shared its ideas with
ministers from several nations during the World Economic
Forum Annual Meeting 2013 in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland;
likewise, the Council presented its work to the Informal
Interactive Hearings with civil society in New York in July
2013.
45
Endnotes
The result of its research and consultations is presented
here as a series of cases, each of which describes several
facets of the relationship between migrants and businesses.
The cases also present compelling evidence of how
migrants contribute to business, economic growth and
development in their host and destination countries. This
research raises many questions: how can actors collectively
improve conditions for migrants in the workplace? How can
distortions in legislation or markets be corrected to balance
a demand for migrant labour with social cohesion?
I hope this contribution sets the tone for a new debate
at the United Nations and that it will provoke decision-
makers in government, civil society and business to greater
collaboration on human mobility.
The Business Case for Migration
3
Introduction
4
The Business Case for Migration
Making the Business Case for Migration
Migration Policies
At national, regional and global levels, policies on
international migration are increasingly inconsistent and
contradictory. On the one hand, most experts accept that
migration will continue to grow in scale in response to
powerful underlying global forces: disparities in the kind
and extent of development, demography, and democracy;
the draw of segmented labour markets; revolutions in
access to information and transportation; the dynamics
of the migration industry; and, in the future, the effects of
climate change. On the other hand, around the world – from
Australia to Zimbabwe – political parties are making election
promises to restrict and control immigration.
Khalid Koser
, Deputy Director, Geneva Centre for Security
Policy, Switzerland; Chair of the Global Agenda Council on
Migration
The publication you have in your hands is the result of two
years of discussion and research by a group of people who
are committed to improving migration policy globally. It is
intended to inform and provoke the debate between nations
and with civil society during the United Nations’ High-Level
Dialogue on Migration and Development, an important
political milestone for this ield. Beyond the United Nations
process, it aims to open up the discussion to an important
actor – the private sector – which has been largely absent
from discussions in previous years.
Political positions on immigration also contradict economic
realities – the evidence is clear that well-managed
immigration can contribute to economic growth, generate
jobs, promote innovation, increase competitiveness,
and help address the effects of ageing and declining
populations. In other words, more and more states need
migrants. Yet, fewer and fewer states are willing to admit
them.
Contemporary International Migration
While this publication is not the place for a detailed analysis
of contemporary migration patterns and processes, a few
key trends are worth highlighting as they pertain directly to
the business case for migration that is made here.
A lack of leadership on migration also risks stoking public
misperceptions on the issue, leading to xenophobia and,
potentially, violence, in a rising number of countries. While a
few migrants may indeed pose health risks, commit crime or
even threaten national security, the vast majority pay taxes,
create jobs, and add to the diversity of societies around the
world.
First, international migration is a globally signiicant process
and will remain so. The most widely cited estimate for the
number of international migrants worldwide is 214 million;
it derives from a 2008 data source and almost certainly
underestimates today’s number. It represents about 3% of
the world’s population. While predicting future migration has
no sound statistical basis and is politically sensitive, most
experts expect the total number of migrants worldwide to
grow signiicantly by 2050, although to remain at about the
same proportion of the global population.
Hardening attitudes towards immigrants in destination
countries also risk heightening tensions with countries of
origin, for which the migration of nationals is important to
relieve pressures on the labour market and contribute to
economic development through, for example, remittances,
diaspora investments and the return of migrants with new
skills. Better mechanisms are required to match the global
supply of labour with the global demand.
Second, the composition of international migrants is
changing, largely in response to labour demand. In
particular, one of the most important characteristics of
contemporary international migration is its feminization.
Women and girls comprise nearly 50% of all migrants
worldwide, and an increasing proportion of women are
migrating independently rather than as family members.
Finally, even within destination countries, contradictions
have arisen. Development agencies promote migration
as an important vector for economic growth in poorer
countries, while interior ministries focus on border control
and migration restrictions. Antagonism is growing between
government and civil society around concerns for the
rights of migrants and measures to promote their effective
integration. Critically, the private sector has often been
absent from consultation on migration policy.
Third, international migration is a truly global phenomenon.
In 2010, about 74 million international migrants originating in
the South were living in the North. This number is larger than
that of international migrants born in the South and residing
in the South (73 million).
Finally, international migrants represent a wide spectrum of
educational and skills levels, ranging from unskilled labour
to highly-skilled workers. In different ways, migrant workers
across the whole skills spectrum have become important
drivers for economic growth and development across the
world.
The Business Case for Migration
5
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