PsychobiologiaWykłady.pdf

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Psychobiology

Introducon

08‐KODM‐PBI – Lecture 1

Summer term 2014

Prof. UAM dr hab. Grzegorz Króliczak

Nazwa przedmiotu: Psychobiology

Efekty kształcenia w zakresie wiedzy, umiejętności oraz kompetencji

społecznych i odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiów

Nazwa przedmiotu: Psychobiology

Autor programu: prof. UAM dr hab. Grzegorz Króliczak

The human Brain

Wykład kończy się egzaminem

Test składający się z pytań z odpowiedziami do

wyboru ‐ wybierane są albo najlepsze odpowiedzi ,

albo punkt wskazujący na poprawność kilku

odpowiedzi

The appearance of the human

brain is far from impressive:

squishy, wrinkled, walnut‐

shaped hunk of ssue

weighing about 1.3 kilograms .

It looks more like something

that you might ﬁnd washed

up on a beach than like one of

the wonders of the world.

Pytań jest dużo!!! 60 . Większość z nich (ok. 60%)

to raczej rozwiązanie problemu, lub pytania

testujące rozumienie pojęć, a nie ich deﬁnicje.

Zaliczenie dość trudnego egzaminu od 51% .

100 billion neurons; 100 trillion connecons

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The Case of Jimmie G.

the Man Frozen in Time

Jimmie G. ‐ a good‐looking,

friendly 49‐year‐old; He liked

to talk about his school days

and his experiences in the

navy, which he was able to

describe in detail. Jimmie was

an intelligent man with

superior abilies in math and

science. In fact, it was not

readily apparent why he was a

resident of a neurological

ward.

The Case of Phineas Gage

http://thebrainybrat.tumblr.com/page/2

Four Major Themes

Four Major Themes Cntn’d

3. The evoluonary perspecve

–  Consideraon of environmental pressures

on human evoluon

–  May use a comparave approach

1. Thinking creavely about biopsychology

–  Base thinking on the evidence presented

–  But also “think outside the box”

2. Clinical implicaons

–  Study of diseased or damaged brains leads

to new knowledge

–  New knowledge leads to new treatments

4. Neuroplascity

–  The brain is plasc, not stac

What is biopsychology?

•  “The scienﬁc study of the biology of

behavior (psychology)” ‐ Dewsbury (1991)

•  Psychology: the scienﬁc study of behavior

•  Also called psychobiology, behavioral

biology, behavioral neuroscience

•  Biopsychology emerged as a discipline in

the late 1940s

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Biopsychology and Other

Disciplines of Neuroscience

What Is Biopsychology?

•  Hebb (1949) proposed that psychological

phenomena might be produced by brain

acvity

•  Hebb’s work helped discredit the noon

that psychological funcons were too

complex to be derived from physiological

acvies

•  Biopsychology ulizes the knowledge and

tools of other disciplines of neuroscience

•  Each discipline studies a diﬀerent aspect of

the nervous system that informs our

understanding of what produces and

controls behavior

•  Neuroanatomy

–  Structure of the nervous system

•  Neurochemistry

–  Chemical bases of neural acvity

•  Neuropathology

–  Nervous system disorders

•  Neuropharmacology

–  Eﬀects of drugs on neural acvity

•  Neurophysiology

–  Funcons and acvies of the nervous system

Human and Nonhuman Subjects

Biopsychological Research

•  Human and nonhuman subjects

•  Many quesons about the biology of behavior

are addressed using human subjects

•  However, much can be learned from studying

the brains of other species

•  Species diﬀerences are oen more

quantave than qualitave

•  Experiments and nonexperiments

•  Pure and applied research

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Nonhuman and Human Subjects

•  Why use nonhumans?

–  Simpler brains makes it more likely that brain‐

behavior interacons will be revealed

–  Comparave approach – gain insight by making

comparisons with other species

–  Fewer ethical restricons for nonhumans

•  although nonhuman research also requires extensive

ethical oversight

•  Why use humans?

–  They can follow instrucons

–  They make subjecve reports

–  They are oen cheaper to work with

The National Institutes of Health … suspended all new grants for

biomedical and behavioral research on chimpanzees and

accepted the first uniform criteria for assessing the necessity of

such research. Those guidelines require that the research be

necessary for human health, and that there be no other way

to accomplish it.

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/science/chimps-in-medical-research.html?_r=0

Experiments and nonexperiments

•  Experiments – the manipulaon of variables

•  In nonexperiments – no/less control of the

variables of interest

–  Quasiexperimental studies

–  Case studies

•  The diﬀerence between the condions is the

independent variable

•  The eﬀect of the independent variable is the

dependent variable

•  A confounded variable is a variable that

aﬀects the dependent variable but is not

controlled for

   Experiments involving living subjects require

that subjects be placed in various condions

•   Between‐subjects design: Diﬀerent groups of subjects

tested under each condion

•   Within‐subjects design : Same group of subjects tested

under each condion

•  Control of confounded variables example:

t he “Coolidge eﬀect”

•  Coolidge eﬀect had been demonstrated in

males—but does it occur in females?

–  The confounded variables: A female hamster

may be more recepve to a new partner due

to novelty or to his vigor (compared to the

fagued former partner)

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The experimental design

and results of Lester and

Gorzalka (1988). On the

third test, the female

hamsters were more

sexually recepve to an

unfamiliar male than

they were to the male

with which they had

copulated on the ﬁrst

test

•  Control of confounded variables example:

t he “Coolidge eﬀect”

Experiments and Nonexperiments

•  Quasiexperimental studies – studies of

groups of subjects exposed to condions in

the real world

•  Not real experiments as potenal

confounded variables have not been

controlled for

•  Case studies focus on a single individual, such

as Jimmie G.

•  Usually more in‐depth than other

approaches, but may not be generalizable

•  Oen a source of a testable hypothesis

•  Generalizability – the degree to which results

can be applied to other cases

Divisions of Biopsychology

Connued

•  Physiological psychology

–  Neural mechanisms of behavior

–  Controlled experiments with direct manipulaon of the brain

•  Psychopharmacology

–  Controlled experiments of the eﬀects of drugs on the brain and

behavior

•  Neuropsychology

–  Psychological eﬀects of brain damage in humans

–  Usually has a clinical emphasis

•  Psychophysiology

–  Relaon between physiological acvity and

psychological processes

–  Example: visual tracking is abnormal in schizophrenics

Divisions of Biopsychology

•  Six major divisions

–  Physiological psychology

–  Psychopharmacology

–  Neuropsychology

–  Psychophysiology

–  Cognive neuroscience

–  Comparave psychology

•  Each has a diﬀerent approach, but there is

much overlap

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